Daily light integral maps for agriculture lighting design in Spain

• Key DLI influencing factors for Spain were identified. • Climate patterns: cloud cover and solar radiation have inverse effects on DLI. • Regional variations: Mediterranean coast and Northern Spain experience extreme DLI value differences. • Seasonal DLI Trends: the highest month-to-month variation occurs in summer. • DLI Map Scaling: 2 mol·m − ²·d − ¹ for local differences and 5 mol·m − ²·d − ¹ for continental-level comparisons. The Daily Light Integral (DLI) is a key metric to optimise plant cultivation, influence photosynthesis, morphology, yield, and nutritional quality. Our study focuses on (i) the creation of the spatiotemporal DLI map for a representative Mediterranean country, Spain, (ii) the presentation of the improved semi-automatic DLI mapping workflow, (iii) the challenge of the comparability of different DLI value scalings in global (continent) and local context (country). DLI maps provide essential insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of natural and artificial light, critical for optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing crop yields. Spain's diverse topography and climate create significant regional and seasonal variations in DLI values. Using data from SunTracker Technologies and global weather stations, we developed detailed DLI maps at 30-meter resolution. These maps reveal high DLI values in coastal and southern regions, especially in summer, and lower values in northern and interior regions during winter. Our findings emphasize the importance of tailored lighting strategies in agriculture, suggesting higher scaling (from 5 to 2 mol·m −2 ·d −1 ) resolution for European contexts. This research underpins the development of smart agricultural systems that both quantitatively and qualitatively regulate lighting conditions (supplementary light and shading management) to maximize crop productivity and sustainability. Integrating DLI maps with IoT and AI technologies offers predictive insights for precision agriculture, highlighting the need for advanced training to leverage these tools effectively.