Trends in the Epidemiology of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Patients Undergoing Surgery

Objective This study aims to utilize the TriNetX database, a comprehensive global network, to improve our understanding of the frequency, demographic factors, and related comorbidities of surgical patients who develop venous thromboembolism (VTEs) events. Methods The global collaborative network in TriNetX was queried for all cases from January 1, 2017, through December 31, 2023. International Classification for Disease (ICD) diagnosis codes were used to define patient cohorts with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the upper or lower extremity or pulmonary embolism (PE). Patient information was extracted including age, sex, ethnicity, race status, and comorbidities. We assumed that PE occurred following a DVT which is only reported once as a PE, and not a DVT. Results The study included 414,045 patients with lower extremity DVT, 82,800 with upper extremity DVT, and 508,044 with reported PE following a DVT. DVT and PE account for approximately 51% and 49% of VTE cases, respectively, with differences noted based on age, sex, ethnicity, race, and comorbidities. The data showed that advanced age, higher BMI, and Black race are associated with a higher risk of thromboembolism. Common comorbidities, such as cardiac dysrhythmias, a history of thromboembolism, cancer, and renal failure are prevalent across all three diagnostic groups. Conclusion The study results suggest that the incidence and prevalence of VTE are changing due to the aging population and changes in demographic patterns. Healthcare services should consider planning for the changes in morbidity, mortality, and related healthcare costs. Surgical patients with multiple related comorbidities should be managed to prevent VTEs more aggressively with close monitoring for any evolving VTE.