Adaptive Immunity and Autoimmune Disease: Mechanisms, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Approaches

Autoimmune diseases arise when the adaptive immune system mistakenly targets self-antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. This review explores the mechanisms by which adaptive immunity, particularly T and B lymphocyte responses, contributes to the development and persistence of autoimmune diseases. It examines the underlying factors that influence autoreactivity, including genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and breakdowns in immune tolerance. Additionally, we discuss the role of T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies in various autoimmune diseases, with emphasis on rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Insights into the molecular and cellular pathways driving autoimmunity have informed current therapeutic strategies, including immune modulation and targeted biologics. This review highlights the challenges of restoring tolerance in autoimmune disease management and outlines future directions for research and therapeutic development. Keywords: Adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, T cells, B cells, immune tolerance, autoimmune diseases