Protective Factors Influencing Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged Adults in Pakistan

Background: The rapid increase in the aging population and the critical role of cognitive functioning in successful aging have shifted scholarly focus toward identifying its risk and protective factors. This study aimed to examine the protective correlates of cognitive functioning among middle-aged adults in Pakistan. Methodology: A correlational research design was employed, and purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. The sample size of 140 middle-aged adults (males = 43, females = 97), aged 35–55 years (M = 44.23, SD = 7.1), was calculated using G-power analysis. Data collection tools included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Islamic Practices subscale, and a demographic questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 23. Results: Cognitive functioning was positively associated with education, number of friends, and participation in religious activities. In contrast, negative relationships were observed with age, number of children, obesity, hypertension, and comorbidities. Regression analysis indicated that education, social connections, and religious participation were significant positive predictors of cognitive functioning, while age and obesity emerged as significant negative predictors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that various modifiable protective factors can enhance cognitive functioning. These insights emphasize the importance of addressing modifiable factors to mitigate the effects of normal and pathological aging, offering valuable guidance for middle-aged adults and healthcare professionals.