The Impact of Polymorphisms in AMPD1 and BMP2 Genes on Performance in Female Athletes

Introduction and Aim: Athletic performance refers to the effort exerted by an athlete to achieve a specific performance goal within a certain period of time. In addition to training, nutrition, psychology, and genetics play significant roles in determining and enhancing athletic performance. Numerous studies have investigated how certain genetic variants can influence athletes' physical abilities such as strength, aerobic or anaerobic endurance, and speed. Among these genes are Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP2) and Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase 1 (AMPD1). Although the BMP2 gene is not the direct focus of many studies on sports performance, it is considered a gene with indirect effects in the field of sports genetics. The rs17602729 polymorphism in the AMPD1 gene, on the other hand, is suggested to influence performance in short-duration, high-intensity activities (e.g., sprinting and power sports). Investigating these polymorphisms will significantly contribute to the field. Considering these variables, athletes' genetic profiles can be identified, and training programs can be personalized. Method: The study included 13 amateur female athletes, aged between 12-16, who were either short- or long-distance runners, and 13 sedentary girls of the same age group. Blood samples were taken from the participants, and DNA isolation was performed, followed by genotyping using Sanger sequencing. The study investigated the BMP2 gene rs15705 (244A>C) and the AMPD1 gene rs17602729 (c133C>T) polymorphisms. The analyses were conducted using SPSS 24.00 software. Differences between groups in allele distributions were analyzed using the Chi-square/Fisher's Exact Test. The minimum confidence interval was set at 95%, with p