University Education and Innovation Resistance: A Multigroup Analysis of Digital Payment Barriers among Indonesian Farmers

This study investigates the moderating role of university education in the relationship between risk, usage, value, tradition, and image barriers and farmers' resistance to digital payment systems in Indonesia. Data were collected from 316 farmers across different regions using a survey method, and the analysis was conducted through Multigroup Analysis (MGA) in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that university education significantly moderates the relationship between risk barriers and resistance, with risk barriers exerting a stronger influence among highly educated farmers. However, university education did not moderate the relationships between other barriers and resistance. These findings suggest that while higher education increases risk awareness, other forms of resistance are consistent across educational levels. The study highlights the need for tailored strategies to address risk concerns among educated farmers and simplified approaches for less-educated ones, providing valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in promoting digital payment adoption.