Deep learning algorithm on H&E whole slide images to characterize TP53 alterations frequency and spatial distribution in breast cancer

The tumor suppressor <i>TP53</i> is frequently mutated in hormone receptor-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), contributing to tumor aggressiveness. Traditional ancillary methods like immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess <i>TP53</i> functionality face pre- and post-analytical challenges. This proof-of-concept study employed a deep learning (DL) algorithm to predict <i>TP53</i> mutational status from H&E-stained whole slide images (WSIs) of BC tissue. Using a pre-trained convolutional neural network, the model identified tumor areas and predicted TP53 mutations with a Dice coefficient score of 0.82. Predictions were validated through IHC and next-generation sequencing (NGS), confirming TP53 aberrant expression in 92 % of the tumor area, closely matching IHC findings (90 %). The DL model exhibited high accuracy in tissue quantification and TP53 status prediction, outperforming traditional methods in terms of precision and efficiency. DL-based approaches offer significant promise for enhancing biomarker testing and precision oncology by reducing intra- and inter-observer variability, but further validation is required to optimize their integration into real-world clinical workflows. This study underscores the potential of DL algorithms to predict key genetic alterations, such as <i>TP53</i> mutations, in BC. DL-based histopathological analysis represents a valuable tool for improving patient management and tailoring treatment approaches based on molecular biomarker status.