Green sample preparation techniques for trace analysis of organic species in cosmetic and Personal Care Products

• In this review, the green solid and liquid sample preparation techniques are described. • Different characteristics of cosmetics and personal care products are explained. • Green microextraction techniques for organic species in cosmetics are discussed. • Future perspectives on green sample preparation techniques are explored. The cosmetics and personal care industry is moving towards natural, biodegradable, environmentally friendly sample preparation. Environmentally friendly pretreatment techniques belong to green sample preparation methods consisting of solvent-based microextraction (SV-ME), and sorbent-based microextraction (SB-ME). Such approaches not only lower solvent but also enhance the analytical attributes and are compatible with various analytical instruments. In this review, we endeavor to provide a comprehensive list of green sample preparation strategies along with their pros and cons. SV-ME methods such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) are simple, use low volumes of solvents, and allow high pre-concentration factors. Some extremely polar or nonvolatile analytes show difficulties and careful optimization will be required. Both SB-ME methodologies (ie, SBSE and microextraction by packed sorbent [MEPS]) involve using of a smaller quantity of sorbent, thus offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution. They have high selectivity and sensitivity but the selection of sorbents and the possibility of their reusability remains challenging. New solvents and sorbents should be developed in the future, and they should be based on the principles of green chemistry to a better selectivity and less environmental effect. The use of these green sample preparation methods coupled with highly advanced analytical techniques can provide an opportunity to enhance the sensitivity and the outcome of the identification of trace analytes in complex cosmetic matrices. The approach adheres to regulations, consumer needs, and environmental standards, which eventually ensures a cleaner and safer future concerning cosmetic performance.