A new enhanced TDEEC protocol for 3D HWSN

• Introduction of ETDEEC-3D Protocol: proposes a novel energy-efficient clustering protocol specifically designed for three-dimensional heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs), targeting energy consumption challenges in 3D deployments. • Innovative clustering Methodology: incorporates multidimensional scaling and strategic exclusion of nodes near the base station from clustering to reduce energy wastage and extend network lifespan. • Superior performance Metrics: achieves a 24 % improvement in network stability (First node Dies) and significant gains in packet delivery efficiency compared to TDEEC-3D, as validated by MATLAB simulations. • Optimized energy Management: demonstrates effective energy reduction through role management based on node energy levels and proximity, addressing key challenges in energy-efficient WSN operations. • Real-World Applicability: offers practical implications for applications like environmental monitoring, smart cities, and surveillance, with potential. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are classified as three-dimensional (3D) when the elevation variation of deployed sensor nodes is significant relative to the length and breadth of the operating area. This paper introduces and evaluates a novel protocol, Enhanced Three-Dimensional Efficient TDEEC (ETDEEC-3D), which employs multidimensional scaling to optimize energy consumption in 3D heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) through an improved clustering approach. By excluding nodes closest to the base station from the clustering process, the protocol significantly extends the network lifetime. Performance evaluations indicate that ETDEEC-3D outperforms the TDEEC-3D algorithm in terms of packet delivery, energy efficiency, and the number of cluster heads (CH) formed per round. MATLAB simulations reveal a 24 % improvement in the First Node Dies (FND) metric, a 33 % reduction in energy consumption, and enhanced energy efficiency, achieved by strategically selecting CHs based on nodes' residual energy levels.