Evaluation of Bone Density for Primary Implant Stability Using a Newly Designed Drill: An In Vitro Study on Polyurethane Bone Blocks

Within the limitations of this study, a newly designed density measurement drill was able to classify D1-D4 in polyurethane bone blocks despite its narrow diameter, and an objective intraoperative bone evaluation can be achieved. An intraoperative assessment of the drilling torque value can predict primary implant stability and provide valuable information for intraoperative treatment planning, such as undersized drilling protocol and implant size change.