Research progress on the anti-tumor effects of protopanoxadiol

• Protopanoxadiol, a widely studied anti-tumor drug, has demonstrated promising anti-tumor effects in gynecological tumors , abdominal organs, and other malignancies. • This review summarizes the anti-tumor mechanism of PPD in various types of cancers over the past 15 years, including its ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration, promote apoptosis, and suppress angiogenesis. • Additionally, PPD’s mechanism involves regulating immune function and influencing the tumor microenvironment . • By examining the anti-tumor effects of PPD in gynecological tumors, abdominal organs, and other malignancies, we aim to provide insights and methods for anti-tumor drug research, as well as offer a new direction and target for tumor treatment using traditional Chinese medicine . Malignant tumors pose a significant threat to human life and health due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. Protopanoxadiol (PPD), a widely studied anti-tumor drug, has demonstrated promising anti-tumor effects in gynecological tumors, abdominal organs, and other malignancies. This review summarizes the anti-tumor mechanism of PPD in various types of cancers over the past 15 years, including its ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration, promote apoptosis, and suppress angiogenesis. Additionally, PPD’s mechanism involves regulating immune function and influencing the tumor microenvironment. By examining the anti-tumor effects of PPD in gynecological tumors, abdominal organs, and other malignancies, we aim to provide insights and methods for anti-tumor drug research, as well as offer a new direction and target for tumor treatment using traditional Chinese medicine.