Tinjauan Tingkah Laku Lengkokan Anggota Keluli Terbentuk Sejuk Terbina: Tersambung Bersemuka dan Belakang-ke-Belakang

Cold-formed steel (CFS) is increasingly being used in modern buildings owing to its lightweight, recyclable nature and material usage efficiency aligning with sustainable practices. Built-up CFS sections have garnered significant attention owing to their increasing application in modern construction. These thin-walled CFS sections are prone to low buckling resistance, limiting their application in tall buildings under extreme loading conditions. This paper review comprehensively the buckling behaviour and structural stability of various CFS built-up configurations of face-to-face, back-to-back non-gapped and back-to-back gapped configurations. The findings show that built-up sections enhance structural performance by reducing local, distortional, and global buckling compared with single sections. Fasteners and stiffeners are crucial for improving the performance by optimising the fastener spacing and the inclusion of stiffeners significantly enhances structural stability. These modifications enhance both the structural axial and flexural performances by improving the buckling resistance under extreme loads. Current design standards often inadequately address buckling complexities and necessitate updates to fully leverage CFS’s structural potential. The back-to-back gapped configuration stands out for its superior constructibility particularly in truss systems, owing to its ease of assembly, adaptability to buckling challenges and improved lateral stability. Innovative design improvements and updated guidelines are required to enhance CFS applications in sustainable and resilient structural systems.