A threshold multi-verifier quantum signature scheme based on localizable distinguishability of GHZ states

In this paper, we propose a new quantum signature protocol with identity-based threshold multiple verifiers. In this protocol, first, the signature process combines the HMAC hash function with the participant identity to realize the compression encryption of the signature message, at the same time, the signature particles are encoded and generated by selecting the 3-particle GHZ state of the [Formula: see text] spatially localizable distinguished (LOCC), which avoids the complex entanglement operation and effectively improves the signature efficiency; second, it takes at least t verifying members of the set of valid verifications specified by the signer to verify the validity of the final signature, which increases the utility of the signature protocol in multi-verification scenarios; finally, the security analysis shows that the proposed threshold multiparty verifiable quantum signature protocol scheme can resist entanglement measurement attacks, intercept retransmission attacks, and at the same time be unforgeable, nonrepudiable, and traceable. Most importantly, the protocol does not require Quantum One-Way Function (QOWF), Quantum State Swap Test (SWAP), and has no complex entanglement operations. Therefore, the proposed scheme is more efficient than similar multiparty signature protocols.