Evolution of the hot dense matter at LHC energies through light and heavy-flavor hadrons using non-extensive thermodynamics

We investigate the formation and evolution of hot systems comprising charmed and light hadrons using non-extensive thermodynamics. We analyze data from pp, p–Pb, and Pb–Pb collisions at center-of-mass energies ranging from [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]TeV to 13[Formula: see text]TeV, measured by the CERN LHC ALICE experiment. The hadron species examined include charged pions and kaons, [Formula: see text], (anti)protons, [Formula: see text] mesons, [Formula: see text] hyperons, and D mesons. Employing our previously established methods, we determine the common Tsallis parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for each hadron type. While charm comes from earlier than light hadrons, we see that [Formula: see text] is ordered by mass, reflecting a similar ordering in the time-scale relevant for the spectrum. Our results also allow for constraining the heat capacity of the system. The current analysis thus enhances our understanding of hadron production dynamics and thermal properties in high-energy collisions.