Conceptual framework for advancing hydrothermal liquefaction technologies in sustainable biofuel production

The urgent need to transition to renewable energy sources has intensified interest in biofuels, particularly those produced through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). HTL is a thermochemical process that converts wet biomass into bio-oils, providing a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study presents a conceptual framework for advancing HTL technologies, emphasizing feedstock optimization, process enhancements, and sustainability assessments. Through the analysis, we identify key advancements, technological challenges, and economic feasibility considerations. Our findings suggest that while HTL has significant potential for sustainable biofuel production, challenges in scalability and cost-effectiveness persist. We conclude with recommendations for future research directions that focus on addressing these challenges.