Review on Immunological Perspectives and Therapeutic Management Strategies for COVID-19

The global spread of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 has posed unique challenges to public health. This review was carried out from the perspective of immunological and pathological changes affecting epidemiological features of the disease during progression and therapy. COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system but may also affect cardiovascular and neurological systems, manifesting various symptoms from fever and cough to such severe complications as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ failure. Patterns in immune responses involving decreases in peripheral T cells and natural killer cells have been recognized as being part of a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. Finally, it discusses the dynamic of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including droplet mode spread and possible fecal-oral pathway. The virus's structural and pathological attributes are emphasized, complemented by a historical overview that chronicles its transformation from a non-threatening variant to a worldwide hazard. Various management approaches, encompassing traditional Indian medicinal practices and immune-enhancing measures such as zinc, iron, magnesium, vitamins, and herbal treatments, are assessed regarding their effectiveness in bolstering immunity and facilitating recovery. Additionally, lifestyle habits such as physical activity, sufficient rest, and proper hydration contribute to the maintenance of immune health. This extended review presents analyses of SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of immune alteration and a unified approach toward the understanding and combat of COVID-19.