Novel Variants in Medium and Low Penetrance Predisposing Genes in a Hungarian Malignant Melanoma Cohort With Increased Risk

Both germline and somatic variants contribute to the genetic background and pathogenesis of melanoma. Germline variants include the presence of rare pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of high, medium, and low penetrance melanoma-predisposing genes. Rare variants of high penetrance melanoma-predisposing genes are associated with melanoma development, whereas the medium and low penetrance predisposing genes can significantly increase melanoma risk. In this study, we clarified the germline genetic background of a Hungarian melanoma cohort (n = 17). Using a gene panel of 30 melanoma-predisposing genes, germline genetic variants were identified in 10 of the 17 patients (58.82%). A novel, likely pathogenic, missense variant (p.Y143C) in a medium penetrance melanoma-predisposing gene, melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R), and two novel, likely pathogenic nonsense variants in low penetrance genes, p.Q218Ter in caspase 8 (CASP8) and p.Q40Ter in the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene were detected. This study highlights the importance of elucidating the germline genetic background of melanoma, which may improve prediction of individual risk and the risk of family members and to optimize preventive, screening, and therapeutic measures for each patient and melanoma-prone families.