Investigation of <i>Tribulus terrestris</i> Fruits Extract and Isolated Compound against Metyrapone-induced Adrenal Insufficiency in Wistar Rats

Background Metyrapone inhibits 11 β-hydroxylase, contributing to adrenal insufficiency (AI). This study aims to explore the efficacy of Tribulus terrestris fruit extract (TTFE) and an isolated compound (hecogenin) on metyrapone-induced AI. Objectives Adrenal glands manage processes such as metabolism, blood pressure, and stress response by generating hormones from their two main components, the cortex and medulla. The adrenal cortex generates glucocorticoids (GC) and mineralocorticoids, while the medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline. Reduced production of GC, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens as a result of the adrenal gland’s destruction or lack of stimulation is the hallmark of AI. Primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of AI are prevalent conditions with various etiologies. If left untreated, they lead to an adrenal crisis. Synthetic GC (prednisolone and hydrocortisone) and mineralocorticoids (fludrocortisone) are the only drugs that help treat AI. Materials and Methods The Wistar rats were selected for the study and treated with T. terrestris extract and an isolated compound (hecogenin) in the presence of metyrapone. Behavioral and hormonal assessments were performed. Corticosterone, aldosterone, sodium, and potassium were measured. Results The findings showed that exposure to metyrapone showed a drastic reduction of cortisol, aldosterone, and locomotor scores. Additionally, metyrapone decreased locomotor score and serum cortisol. However, treatment with Tribulus extract and hecogenin showed a significant rise in the levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, sodium, and potassium. Conclusion 400 and 800 mg/kg of TTFE and hecogenin 50 mg/kg showed significant increases in the levels of corticosterone, aldosterone, sodium, and potassium levels in Wistar rats.