Lifelong impact of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood

Elevated blood pressure (BP) during childhood and adolescence is increasingly being recognized as a precursor to adult hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review examines the existing evidence of the relationship between early BP elevations and long-term cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Previous studies demonstrated a moderate association between childhood BP and adult hypertension, with early BP elevations contributing to subclinical CV changes such as left ventricular hypertrophy and increased carotid intima-media thickness as well as major premature CVD events in adulthood. However, evidence also indicates that BP normalization before adulthood may mitigate these risks, suggesting a critical interventional window before irreversible CV changes occur. Multiple modifiable and nonmodifiable factors contribute to early-life BP elevations, including genetic predisposition, a high sodium intake, obesity, sedentary behavior, and sleep disturbances. Although establishing a direct causal association between childhood BP and adult hypertension or CVD remains challenging owing to the need for longterm follow-up and large sample sizes, further research is essential to addressing the existing knowledge gaps in pediatric hypertension prevention, detection, impact, and treatment. This review highlights the importance of preventing BP elevations early in life to reduce the longterm burden of hypertension and CVD. Promoting healthy behaviors, such as maintaining a healthy weight, reducing one's sodium intake, engaging in physical activity, and ensuring adequate sleep, is essential for managing BP at an early age. These efforts reduce individual CV risk and help alleviate the broader future public health burden of hypertension and CVD.