Assessing Perceptions and Interpretations of Tsunami Maps: Insights from the Public and Risk Experts

Tsunami maps provide critical information about tsunami hazards, potential inundation areas, and safe evacuation routes, yet little research has addressed how different user groups perceive and interpret these maps. Using a questionnaire distributed to 181 participants (24 experts—EXs and 157 general users—GUs) and the chi-square (χ2) test, this research explored their understanding and perception of map elements, symbology, probabilistic data, and uncertainty communication. The results show that while both groups generally understand the maps, significant differences exist in their perception of essential map elements, such as evacuation routes, safe zones, and technical data. On average, EXs identified 7.38 elements that evacuation maps should contain, consistently emphasizing the need for more detailed information, whereas GUs preferred simplicity, selecting an average of 5.11 elements. These results highlight the need to balance detail and clarity in map design to serve both user groups effectively. Notably, the results suggest that at least 33% of EXs and 47% of GUs did not clearly distinguish between tsunami hazard and evacuation maps, highlighting the need for clearer map design and terminology. The study also revealed challenges in communicating probabilistic data and uncertainty to non-experts, suggesting the need for improved methods to present this information effectively.