PM-YOLO: A Powdery Mildew Automatic Grading Detection Model for Rubber Tree

Powdery mildew has become a significant disease affecting the yield and quality of rubber trees in recent years. It typically manifests on the leaf surface at an early stage, rapidly infecting and spreading throughout the leaves. Therefore, early detection and intervention are essential to reduce the resulting losses due to this disease. However, the conventional methods of disease detection are both time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, we proposed a novel deep-learning-based approach for detecting powdery mildew in rubber trees, even in complex backgrounds. First, to address the lack of existing datasets on rubber tree powdery mildew, we constructed a dataset comprising 6200 images and 38,000 annotations. Second, based on the YOLO framework, we integrated a multi-scale fusion module that combines a Feature Focus and Diffusion Mechanism (FFDM) into the neck of the detection architecture. We designed an overall focus diffusion architecture and introduced a Dimension-Aware Selective Integration (DASI) module to enhance the detection of small powdery mildew targets, naming the model PM-YOLO. Furthermore, we proposed an automatic grading detection algorithm to evaluate the severity of powdery mildew on rubber tree leaves. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved 86.9% mean average precision (mAP) and 85.6% recall, which outperformed the standard YOLOv10 by 7.6% mAP and 8.2% recall. This approach offered accurate and real-time detection of powdery mildew rubber trees, providing an effective solution for early diagnosis through automated grading.