Epidemiologic study on prostate cancer in Sudanese men across African ethnic groups

This study sought to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of Sudanese men diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) to highlight differences in diagnosis among the three major ethnolinguistic groups. A total of 532 patients with confirmed PCa diagnosis through biopsy were enrolled from six medical centers in Sudan. The majority of patients, comprising 84.2% (448/532), were diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, with a Grade group above 3. There were no discernible differences in PCa aggressiveness among the ethnolinguistic groups. However, higher levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were observed in the Niger-Congo group, where 55.2% had PSA values exceeding 50 ng/ml. Patients from this group were also diagnosed at a younger age. In contrast, 90.5% of Afro-Asiatic patients are over 60 years old. Further analysis conducted within an age-matched subgroup of patients (n = 273) revealed a higher incidence of perineural invasion in the Afro-Asiatic group. This research represents the first investigation of PCa across different African ethnic groups and associates a higher incidence of perineural invasion with a specific ethnic group. While recent efforts have been made to establish African-relevant risk models to mitigate PCa health disparities, there remains a need for further investigation into genetically distinct populations within the African continent.