Metabolic profiles of Flammulina velutipes residues during Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermentation

As industrial wastes of Flammulina velutipes , Flammulina velutipes residues (FVR) not only waste resources but also pollute the environment. The anaerobic fermentation of by probiotics provides an effective solution to the environmental pollution and resource waste caused by FVR. This study aimed to optimize the utilization of FVR through anaerobic fermentation facilitated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In this study, a novel Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z-9 with bacteriostatic activity and rapid FVR utilisation was isolated and screened, and the safety of oral administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z-9 in mice was evaluated. Furthermore, based on untargeted metabolomics data analysis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z-9 was able to promote the production of differentially beneficial metabolites in fermentation liquid, such as 3-Phenyllactic acid, trans-Cinnamic acid, and phenylacetaldehyde, which might be responsible for the aroma-enhancing properties and potential to extend the shelf life of FVR. In summary, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z-9 improved the efficiency of FVR resource utilization. These findings illustrate the gainful effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z-9 on the efficient conversion of FVR by anaerobic fermentation. • Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z-9 with bacteriostatic activity can rapidly ferment FVR. • L. plantarum Z-9 is a potentially safe and suitable for fermentation strain. • Untargeted metabolomics suggests that fermentation achieves value-added FVR.