Challenges in designing and developing a virtual biology laboratory: A systematic literature review

Biology is characterized by abstract and complex material, so most biology topics rely heavily on laboratory practicum activities. However, not all schools have adequate laboratory infrastructure. With the development of technology, virtual biology laboratories can be used as an alternative to overcome the limitations of real laboratory infrastructures. This paper highlights plenty previous published works that examined virtual biology laboratories. The review focused on several components, namely, research methodology, technology type, learning model, and instructional support used in virtual biology laboratories. The results of the review show that most virtual biology laboratories are more effective than passive media or physical laboratories when it is combined with passive media or physical laboratories. Topics covered in virtual biology laboratories tend to be abstract and complex, involving microscopic and even sub-microscopic level components, such as microbiology and cells. Quantitative and qualitative methods evaluate learning outcomes measured on cognitive, affective, and skill dimensions. The technology used in virtual biology labs varies from 2D desktop to immersive VR technology. The 2D desktop features simple geometry and dynamic visualizations. In addition, they do not require a computer with high specifications and large internet bandwidth. A higher level of realism can be achieved by integrating immersive VR technology in a virtual biology laboratory. This technology costs more than 2D desktops or 3D desktops. Some virtual biology laboratories follow the pattern of problem-based learning models and inquiry-based learning models. Virtual biology laboratories also have instructional support elements such as feedback and guidance. The effectiveness of virtual biology laboratories is highly dependent on the design and implementation process. Therefore, pedagogical and technical components need to be tailored to the learning outcomes to be achieved.