Clinical applications and research advances in superoxide dismutase and serum cholesterol as diagnostic biomarkers in diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic hyperglycemic condition that shares a pathological correlation with increased oxidative stress (OS) and dyslipidaemia that underlines its comorbidities. The following review is confined to the diagnostic significance of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and serum cholesterol in diabetes. SOD is a member of the large and diverse class of antioxidant enzymes that help counteract the adverse effects of OS by removing poisons from the cell structure in the form of superoxide radicals. Fluctuations in the SOD level of diabetic patients show the degree of OS and its role in worsening the condition. Triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (often known as "bad cholesterol"), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (sometimes known as "good cholesterol"), and total cholesterol are the three categories into which serum cholesterol can be divided. These components are significant indicators for patients' lipid levels and cardiovascular risk prediction. The evaluation of SOD activity as well as the serum cholesterol levels, proved helpful in addressing the oxidative and lipid profile analysis results of diabetic patients. Symptoms of dyslipidemia, in combination with decreased activity of SOD, contribute to the development of cardiovascular pathology. Therefore, this review will gather information from the clinical and experimental literature and focus on using these biomarkers in diagnosing diabetes in its early stages and evaluating risk and treatment outcomes in DM. Osteoarthritis (OA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), to be included in the control of diabetes in an individual approach.