Digital image-based measurement of degree of saturation on moving soil

This paper presents a novel methodology that combines particle image velocimetry-numerical particles and short-wave infrared spectral imaging for the noninvasive measurement of displacements and degree of saturation on moving soils. This allows for continuous monitoring and visualisation of soil behavior and provides valuable insight into the deformation patterns and moisture evolution. The method was applied to a small-scale dam failure experiment. The methodology offers an integrated, comprehensive, and noninvasive approach to investigating soil physical models by simultaneously measuring displacements, strains, velocities, and degree of saturation in soils in motion.