Susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to prescription drug use–an observational study of 46,506 Danish healthcare workers

It is not well investigated whether exposure to specific drug classes is associated with COVID-19. We investigated the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 among healthcare workers according to prescription drug use. We conducted an observational study among Danish healthcare workers. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was defined as a positive PCR/ELISA test throughout 2020 and severe COVID-19 as any above 48-hour hospitalization within 14 days after infection. Patient characteristics came from online surveys while data on SARS-CoV-2, drugs and hospitalizations came from Danish Health Registers. Infected individuals were matched with uninfected controls based on age, sex, and chronic diseases. Drug exposure was defined as any prescription redemption in the past six and one month(s) before infection for each drug class. Models assessing the risk of infection (conditional logistic regression) and severe COVID-19 (logistic regressions) versus drug usage were adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol, education, region, and patient contact when possible. We matched 5,710 SARS-CoV-2-infected cases with 57,021 controls. The odds of infection were reduced by calcium channel blocker (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.81, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.66-1.00) and vasoprotective drug (aOR 0.77, CI: 0.62-0.95) usage during the six months before infection compared to no usage. Exposure to antibacterials in the past month increased the odds of infection (aOR 1.27, CI: 1.09-1.48). Among infected participants, the odds of severe COVID-19 were higher with usage of almost any investigated drug, especially, diuretics (crude odds radio (OR) 4.82, CI:2.15-10.83), obstructive airway disease drugs (OR 4.49, CI: 2.49-8.08), and antibacterials (OR 2.74 CI:1.62-4.61). In conclusion, antibacterials were associated with more SARS-CoV-2 infections and calcium channel blockers with less. Once infected, users of prescription drugs had higher odds of developing severe COVID-19. These findings suggest a need for studies to clarify interactions between specific drug groups, behaviour, known risk factors, and disease susceptibility/severity.

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PLoS ONE
Published
2024-11-27
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311260
Primary Topic
COVID-19 and Mental Health
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article
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0.00

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article

Susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to prescription drug use–an observational study of 46,506 Danish healthcare workers

Henrik Enghusen Poulsen, Mikkel Gybel‐Brask, Ram Benny Dessau, Sofie Bliddal et al.
PLoS ONE
COVID-19 and Mental Health
article

Susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to prescription drug use–an observational study of 46,506 Danish healthcare workers

Henrik Enghusen Poulsen, Mikkel Gybel‐Brask, Ram Benny Dessau, Sofie Bliddal, Jonas Henrik Kristensen, Henrik Ullum, Mia Marie Pries‐Heje, Erik Sørensen, Andreas Dehlbæk Knudsen, Ove Andersen, Rasmus Bo Hasselbalch, Pernille Brok Nielsen, Marie Villumsen, Henning Bundgaard, Susanne Dam Nielsen, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Jakob Norsk, Frederik Neess Engsig, Fredrik Folke, Kamille Fogh, Sisse B. Ditlev, Kasper Karmark Iversen, Aleksander Eiken, Jørgen Rungby, Thomas Benfield, Ulla Feldt‐Rasmussen, Lene Holm Harritshøj, Christian Tobias Torp-Pedersen
article en

Abstract

It is not well investigated whether exposure to specific drug classes is associated with COVID-19. We investigated the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 among healthcare workers according to prescription drug use. We conducted an observational study among Danish healthcare workers. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was defined as a positive PCR/ELISA test throughout 2020 and severe COVID-19 as any above 48-hour hospitalization within 14 days after infection. Patient characteristics came from online surveys while data on SARS-CoV-2, drugs and hospitalizations came from Danish Health Registers. Infected individuals were matched with uninfected controls based on age, sex, and chronic diseases. Drug exposure was defined as any prescription redemption in the past six and one month(s) before infection for each drug class. Models assessing the risk of infection (conditional logistic regression) and severe COVID-19 (logistic regressions) versus drug usage were adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol, education, region, and patient contact when possible. We matched 5,710 SARS-CoV-2-infected cases with 57,021 controls. The odds of infection were reduced by calcium channel blocker (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.81, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.66-1.00) and vasoprotective drug (aOR 0.77, CI: 0.62-0.95) usage during the six months before infection compared to no usage. Exposure to antibacterials in the past month increased the odds of infection (aOR 1.27, CI: 1.09-1.48). Among infected participants, the odds of severe COVID-19 were higher with usage of almost any investigated drug, especially, diuretics (crude odds radio (OR) 4.82, CI:2.15-10.83), obstructive airway disease drugs (OR 4.49, CI: 2.49-8.08), and antibacterials (OR 2.74 CI:1.62-4.61). In conclusion, antibacterials were associated with more SARS-CoV-2 infections and calcium channel blockers with less. Once infected, users of prescription drugs had higher odds of developing severe COVID-19. These findings suggest a need for studies to clarify interactions between specific drug groups, behaviour, known risk factors, and disease susceptibility/severity.

PLoS ONEVol. 19(11)
Statens Serum Institut (DK), University of Copenhagen (DK), Steno Diabetes Centers (DK), University of Southern Denmark (DK), Frederiksberg Hospital (DK), Bispebjerg Hospital (DK), Hvidovre Hospital (DK), Copenhagen University Hospital (DK), Gentofte Hospital (DK), Rigshospitalet (DK), Zealand University Hospital (DK), Center for Clinical Research and Prevention (DK), Nordsjællands Hospital (DK), Slagelse Hospital (DK)
Hjerteforeningen, European Commission, Lundbeckfonden, Laerdal Foundation for Acute Medicine, Novo Nordisk, Augustinus Fonden, Region Hovedstaden, Novo Nordisk Fonden, H. Lundbeck A/S
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 69%
COVID-19 and Mental Health
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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