Social Vulnerability and Illegal Occupation in Urban APP Areas: Legal and Environmental Perspectives in Brazil

Objective: This study aims to critically investigate the conflicts generated by the illegal occupation of urban Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) to analyze the tensions between environmental preservation and the social rights of vulnerable populations. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical foundation is based on critical urbanization theories, as proposed by Lefebvre, Harvey, and Rolnik, which question socio-spatial segregation and the commodification of urban space, providing a solid basis for understanding the conflicts between environmental and social interests in urban areas. Method: The methodology adopted for this research is qualitative, including case studies and analysis of secondary data, such as public policies on land regularization and relevant legal documents. These methods enable an in-depth analysis of the socio-spatial conditions in occupied APPs. Results and Discussion: The results revealed the socio-spatial exclusion that drives marginalized groups to occupy environmentally sensitive areas. The discussion highlights the need for public policies that do not criminalize vulnerable populations but instead integrate housing and environmental preservation fairly. The limitations of the current legal framework and its implications are also discussed. Research Implications: The implications of this research suggest a systemic change in urban public policies, directly influencing urban planning and environmental justice sectors. This study provides insights for the formulation of more inclusive and sustainable policies aligned with the principles of the right to the city and environmental justice. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by offering a critical analysis of conflicts in urban APPs, proposing alternatives that reconcile social justice and environmental preservation. The relevance of this work lies in its contribution to developing more equitable and effective public policies for environmentally sensitive areas in urban contexts.