Collaborative planning of electric vehicle integrated charging and swapping stations and distribution network for carbon emission reduction

Electric vehicle (EV) integration into the distribution network (DN) is a significant measure for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, yet existing studies have not fully explored the carbon reduction potential of the EV. This article proposes an innovative collaborative planning framework for electric vehicle integrated charging and swapping stations (EVICSS) and DN for carbon emission reduction. Initially, the division of responsibilities and mechanism analysis for emission reduction in DN are presented. Subsequently, the ladder carbon price model is presented to incentivize carbon mitigation efforts. And, considering the architecture and functioning mode of the EVICSS, the operational model for EVICSS equipment is established to deliver high-quality services to EV users, taking into account fast charging stations (FCS), fast battery swapping stations (FBSS), and cascade energy storage system (CESS) comprehensively. Taking into account the economic implications of carbon trading, a collaborative planning strategy for EVICSS and the DN is formulated to minimize overall costs while maximizing carbon emission reductions. Then an modified integrated gravitational search algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm (MIGSA-PSOA) is customizedly developed to solve this complicated optimization problem. Finally, case studies based a real DN are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the collaborative planning model. The results demonstrated it can effectively respond to DN power regulation and realize carbon emission reduction. Compared with independent planning, collaborative planning can increase the planning cost and total cost to 15.6 % and 33.1 % respectively.