High erosion and re-deposition rates of tungsten in the highly collisional plasmas of Magnum-PSI

Abstract Prompt re-deposition strongly reduces the migration of eroded material in current fusion devices, thus lowering core dilution and extending the lifetime of the plasma-facing components. However, under the high-density ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>20</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m −3 ), low-temperature ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> eV) divertor plasma conditions anticipated for future fusion devices like ITER, Coulomb collisions become highly efficient. These collisions not only prevent the ions from completing their Larmor orbits but also strongly couple the sputtered impurities to the plasma, leading to impurity entrainment. Entrainment drags impurities with the plasma flow to the surface, leading to enhanced impurity impact energies as discussed in the companion paper (Cornelissen M.J.H. et al 2025 Nucl. Fusion 65 026009), and the re-deposition of sputtered particles. This entrained re-deposition was studied with the linear plasma generator Magnum-PSI, whose linear geometry allowed for a clear distinction between entrained and prompt re-deposition. Five W targets were exposed to high-density ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>20</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> m −3 ), low-temperature ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> eV) argon (Ar) plasmas. The deposition pattern of tungsten (W) on molybdenum (Mo) witness plates was determined using ion beam analysis and electron scanning microscopy. As the ion-impact energy of Ar + increased from <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 43 eV to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 94 eV, the local re-deposition rate decreased from <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 93% to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 68%. Entrained re-deposition became evident from an up-downstream asymmetry in the re-deposition profile and was dominant over prompt re-deposition for the exposures investigated. Although the ionization length was long, high re-deposition rates were found, revealing that neutral-ion interactions were important. Thus, entrainment will be a crucial ingredient in the erosion and re-deposition studies of future fusion reactors.