Cannabidiol mitigates methotrexate-induced hepatic injury via SIRT-1/p53 signaling and mitochondrial pathways: reduces oxidative stress and inflammation

Methotrexate (MTX), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, often induces hepatotoxicity, limiting its clinical utility. Cannabidiol (CBD), derived from hemp, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. This study aims to investigate CBD's protective effects against MTX-induced liver injury and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Thirty-two female Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, MTX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.] once), MTX+CBD (20 mg/kg i.p. once + 5 mg/kg i.p. for seven days), and CBD (5 mg/kg, i.p. for seven days). Biochemical analyses of serum and liver tissues were performed to assess oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index), liver function tests (AST, ALT), and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase). Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were conducted to evaluate liver tissue damage and TNF-α expression. Genetic analyses were performed to measure the expression levels of SIRT-1, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax genes using RT-qPCR. MTX administration increased oxidative stress markers, liver enzymes, TNF-α, p53, and Bax levels while decreasing antioxidant defenses and SIRT-1 expression. CBD administration reversed these alterations effectively. CBD mitigated MTX-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. It activates antioxidant defenses via SIRT-1 upregulation, suppresses inflammation by reducing TNF-α, and prevents apoptosis by modulating p53, Bcl-2, and Bax gene expressions. These findings suggest CBD could be a promising therapeutic agent for chemotherapy-induced liver damage. Further research is warranted to explore additional pathways and broader molecular mechanisms.