Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary: A Rare Case

Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare entity among primary ovarian cancers. This type of cancer typically originates from the transformation of mature cystic teratomas, commonly known as dermoid cysts, and occasionally from associations with endometriosis or Brenner's tumors. The typical clinical scenario involves presentation in postmenopausal women, with symptoms arising from tumor growth or metastasis. Herein, we present a case study of SCC arising from a dermoid cyst in the right ovary. Alongside this, we offer a concise review covering the histogenesis, diagnostic approaches, current therapeutic modalities, and prognosis associated with this condition. A 62-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and fever. Imaging revealed a large mass originating from the right ovary, suspected to be ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. Elevated CA 19-9 levels indicated malignancy. The case was discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board (MTB), leading to diagnostic laparoscopy. Despite initial biopsy results suggesting no malignancy, PET-CT indicated possible ovarian malignancy. Further exploration via exploratory laparotomy confirmed the malignancy through fast-track biopsy. As a result, intraoperatively, a primary debulking surgery was decided. The final diagnosis was primary moderately differentiated squamous ovarian carcinoma, stage IIB, originating from a dermoid cyst. The patient was referred for chemotherapy and is currently under follow-up care. This case underscores the complexity of ovarian cancer diagnosis and the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in treatment decisions. As of now, there are no established treatment guidelines for the effective management of this histotype. More research specifically tailored to this aim, involving global contribution and extended follow-up periods, are essential to establish the best management strategies.