Symmetries as Ground States of Local Superoperators: Hydrodynamic Implications

Symmetry algebras of quantum many-body systems with locality can be understood using commutant algebras, which are defined as algebras of operators that commute with a given set of local operators. In this work, we show that these symmetry algebras can be expressed as frustration-free ground states of a local superoperator, which we refer to as a “super-Hamiltonian.” We demonstrate this for conventional symmetries such as <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</a:mi></a:mrow><a:mn>2</a:mn></a:msub></a:math>, <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"><e:mi>U</e:mi><e:mo stretchy="false">(</e:mo><e:mn>1</e:mn><e:mo stretchy="false">)</e:mo></e:math>, and <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"><j:mi>S</j:mi><j:mi>U</j:mi><j:mo stretchy="false">(</j:mo><j:mn>2</j:mn><j:mo stretchy="false">)</j:mo></j:math>, where the symmetry algebras map to various kinds of ferromagnetic ground states, as well as for unconventional ones that lead to weak ergodicity-breaking phenomena of Hilbert-space fragmentation (HSF) and quantum many-body scars. In addition, we show that the low-energy excitations of this super-Hamiltonian can be understood as approximate symmetries, which in turn are related to slowly relaxing hydrodynamic modes in symmetric systems. This connection is made precise by relating the super-Hamiltonian to the superoperator that governs the operator relaxation in noisy symmetric Brownian circuits and this physical interpretation also provides a novel interpretation for Mazur bounds for autocorrelation functions. We find examples of gapped (gapless) super-Hamiltonians indicating the absence (presence) of slow modes, which happens in the presence of discrete (continuous) symmetries. In the gapless cases, we recover hydrodynamic modes such as diffusion, tracer diffusion, and asymptotic scars in the presence of <o:math xmlns:o="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"><o:mi>U</o:mi><o:mo stretchy="false">(</o:mo><o:mn>1</o:mn><o:mo stretchy="false">)</o:mo></o:math> symmetry, HSF, and a tower of quantum scars, respectively. In all, this demonstrates the power of the commutant-algebra framework in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of exact symmetries and associated approximate symmetries and hydrodynamic modes, and their dynamical consequences in systems with locality. Published by the American Physical Society 2024