Pushing the Boundaries of Ampullectomy for Benign Ampullary Tumors: 25-Year Outcomes of Surgical Ampullary Resection Associated with Duodenectomy or Biliary Resection

<b>Background:</b> Surgical resection for ampullary lesions lacks clear guidelines. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the standard treatment for malignant ampullary tumors but is often excessive for ampullary adenomas (AAs) due to its high morbidity and mortality. Transduodenal ampullectomy (TDA) is generally reserved for small benign lesions where endoscopic treatment fails, but its role in early ampullary cancers is debatable. This study presents our 25-year outcomes with TDA for benign ampullary tumors. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a retrospective cohort study with prospectively collected data from patients with benign ampullary lesions who underwent TDA between January 1996 and November 2023. Primary outcomes were the 30-day overall and severe (Clavien-Dindo ≥ IIIa) morbidity rates and the 90-day mortality rate. Categoric variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies, and quantitative variables were presented as means (standard deviation, SD) or medians (range or interquartile range, IQR). <b>Results:</b> Fifty-three patients (29 male; mean [SD] age 62.5 [14.6] years) underwent TDA. The 30-day morbidity rate was 32.1% (17/53 patients), with five (9.4%) cases being severe. The 90-day mortality rate was 1.9%. Definitive histopathology identified 38 (71.7%) AAs and five (9.4%) infiltrating ampullary adenocarcinomas, two (40.0%) of which required subsequent PD. Six (11.3%) patients experienced recurrence. Overall, nine (16.9%) patients died. <b>Conclusions:</b> TDA is a safe and effective technique with acceptable morbidity for non-infiltrating lesions, especially in patients with poor clinical status. Choosing between TDA and PD depends on tumor size, dysplasia grade, and institutional expertise. Lifelong endoscopic surveillance post-TDA is essential for timely recurrence detection.