Saga of Anthelmintic Resistance: Mechanisms of Development, Methods of Detection and Ways of Mitigation – A Review

Abstract Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance is a burning issue all over the globe and has been addressed with higher priority. Anthelmintic resistance (AhR) is also becoming a threatening issue since control of helminths mainly depends on deworming using anthelmintics. Therefore, anthelmintics are frequently used around the year. However, the issue regarding AhR has not been focused properly when compared with anti-microbial resistance (AMR). The occurrence of AhR in livestock is very common and increasing rapidly. There are lots of evidences of AhR developed against various anthelmintics. The intensive and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics like benzimidazoles (BMZ), tetrahydropyrimidines (THP) and macrocyclic lactones (MCL) has led to the development of AhR. Therefore, researchers should devise and implement new strategies for helminth control, and control should increasingly incorporate alternative and evidence-based control strategies to limit the development of AhR. This review describes the mechanism of AhR, recent advances in developing resistance, diagnostic tests and worm control strategies.