Diabolus in Machina? Complex Digital Systems Interpreted through Early Modern Demonology

Abstract Based on the characterisation of complex technology as inherently magical, we interpret the engagement with digital systems within the framework of medieval and early modern demonological thought. By presenting a historicising argument that demonic understandings are inherent to the navigation of technological systems, we provide an ontological approach to the debate on the intentionality of technology. In the demonological vision of technology, we engage in digital systems beyond our control, producing moral dilemmas stemming from our inability to clearly discern good and evil demons – the invisible control of our digital lives and the irresponsible transgression of our expertise in decision making. Our trust in the digital systems we engage with, but do not control, is based on faith in the benevolence of demons. We argue that the attribution of intentionality to complex digital systems is unavoidable, even though it may be misguided. Using the epistemological framework of demonology enables us to better understand the consequences and functions of such attributions. This in turn provides a new perspective on the morality and agency of technological systems.