White and gray matter abnormalities in active young boxers after sports-related concussions

Motivation: The neurological effects of active young boxers with sport-related concussions (SRC) are still unclear.Goal(s): To reveal the micro- and macrostructural changes in active young boxers with SRC. Approach: Using 3D-T1WI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) in young boxers with SRC (n=57) were compared to matched healthy control groups (HCs) (n=72).Results: In the gray and white matter of concussed boxers, T1WI and NODDI measures showed lower white matter volume, greater CSF and CSP, and significant white matter abnormalities than in the controls. Impact: This study demonstrated the significant effects of repeated concussions on the micro- and macrostructural in active young boxers, suggesting that we should monitor and maintain the neurological health of these athletes over the long term.