A mini cutting-edge review of the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their health implications in some vegetables in Nigeria

Abstract Relevant research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and the health implications of the levels of PAHs in some vegetables in Nigeria were compiled using data obtained from a thorough review of contemporary literature between 2010 and 2023. Of the fifteen available studies on PAH in vegetables, around 67% of the studies sampled fluted pumpkin ( Telfairia occidentalis ). This could be a result of Fluted pumpkin being frequently used owing to its believed blood enrichment against anemia patients and having been shown to contain significant quantities of potassium and iron in its leafy vegetables and edible seeds. The vegetables with the highest PAHs concentrations followed the trend: Fluted pumpkin > African black pepper > Water leaf > Tomatoes > Others. Vegetables with high PAHs levels have been shown to contain less PAHs after being washed in distilled water and much less after being rinsed in a salt solution. This was mostly possible when the PAHs source(s) unto the vegetables were from dry depositions. The difference in PAHs concentration in the same type of vegetable from different locations revealed that there are different sources of PAHs to the vegetable in their respective locations. The potential for cancer risk and its impact on Nigerian health through continuous consumption of contaminated vegetables was evident. Therefore, vegetables are to be washed thoroughly before consumption at least to reduce the PAHs concentrations and in turn, its effects on man if such contaminated vegetables must be consumed. Graphical Abstract