Petrogenesis and Sc mineralization potential of the early Silurian Halaguole Alaskan-type complex in the East Kunlun orogenic belt

• Halaguole mafic-ultramafic intrusions were formed in the Early Silurian period (437-440 Ma). • Halaguole mafic-ultramafic intrusions are an Alaskan-type complex. • The Proto-Tethys oceanic crust underwent a bidirectional north-south subduction and closeed in the early Silurian at the least. • Halaguole mafic-ultramafic intrusions are a Sc-rich complex. The Alaskan-type complexes are known for their unique annular lithologic zoning structure and are products of an island arc environment. The Halaguole mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Kunlun orogenic belt, as reported in this study, exhibit characteristics of an Alaskan-type complex. The complex is composed of peridotite, pyroxenite, and gabbro, with well-defined annular lithological zoning from the core to the margin. The Halaguole mafic–ultramafic intrusions were formed during the Early Silurian period, specifically ranging from 437 Ma to 440 Ma according to Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results. They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE), revealing positive europium (Eu) anomalies and negative niobium (Nb) anomalies. All of these characteristics indicate that they are products of an island arc environment. Based on analysis of zircon’s εHf(t) value (0.25 to 5.14) and model age (TDM1) (842.19 to 1034.61 Ma), it can be deduced that the intrusions originated from an enriched mantle source. The dominant mineral compositions within the Halaguole intrusions include olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, and spinel. With the absence of orthopyroxene, the compositions of these minerals are similar to Alaskan-type complexes. The contents of olvine, biotite, and spinel suggest that the parental melt of these intrusions is an aqueous basaltic magma with island arc properties. The Halaguole mafic–ultramafic intrusions likely formed through partial melting of the mantle wedge metasomatized by fluids from the subduction zone. This process was accomplished by fractional crystallization of magma. Combining the findings of previous research with the evidence presented in this study, it can be deduced that the closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean occurred during the Early Silurian. Furthermore, it is evident that the Wanbaogou basaltic plateau in the Southern Kunlun Belt (SKB) underwent bidirectional subduction in a north–south direction. Notably, the samples from pyroxene peridotite and gabbro exhibit a significant concentration of Sc, ranging from 41.5 to 224.5 ppm, exceeding industrial grade levels and indicating excellent potential for Sc mineralization.