Irrational use of antibiotics: Prevalence and factors in the general population of Pakistan

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a critical global health threat, primarily driven by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Comparing awareness and practices related to antibiotic use across demographic groups can inform strategies to combat this issue, particularly in regions like Pakistan where resistance is escalating. Objectives: This study compares knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use between the general population and medical students in Pakistan and identifies key socio-demographic predictors of misuse. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with 220 participants (110 general population, 110 medical students). Data were collected via structured surveys capturing demographics, awareness, attitudes, and practices concerning antibiotics. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to identify significant predictors, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Medical students demonstrated greater awareness of antibiotic resistance (71.8% recognizing decreased efficiency) compared to the general population (58.2%, p=0.049). Self-medication was significantly higher in the general population (51.8%) than among medical students (26.4%, p=0.038). Regression analysis revealed that education level (OR=3.09, p<0.001), previous antibiotic use (p<0.001), and income (OR=-0.01, p=0.022) were significant predictors of misuse. Conclusion: Targeted public health interventions are urgently needed to enhance awareness of antibiotic resistance, particularly among the general population. Educational campaigns, stricter over-the-counter sales regulations, and improved access to healthcare are essential to reduce misuse and curb resistance development.