Review and Outlooks on Electron Migration and Structural Modulation of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Sustainable Fuel Generation

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are platform materials for solar energy utilization largely due to their adaptability to be synthetically tuned and their inherent variability. The intricate mechanisms of electron transport are associated with structural changes in MOFs and influence their catalytic performance for fuel production. MOFs have been widely explored to engineer their molecular structure and tune their redox behavior. Presently, it has become pertinent to understand the role of structural features in directing the charge migration ability within the molecular framework. Our review explores the dynamic processes of electron migration through structural modulation within MOFs to enhance sustainable fuel generation. Additionally, we discuss designing heterostructures and challenges for large-scale production and their cost reduction. We have presented insights into strategic modifications in MOF structures that can significantly influence their electronic properties and catalytic efficiency. Key modifications include defect engineering, organic linker functionalization, and heterostructure formation, each aimed at boosting the photocatalytic activity. We also illustrate the strategic use of electron–hole separation to improve the efficiency in photocatalytic processes. This review accentuates the role of MOFs as versatile catalysts to advance renewable energy technologies, offering insights into their role in advancing sustainable fuel generation.