Determination of Physical Properties of Soil from the Athi-Thwake River Catchment Area, Makueni County, Kenya

This study evaluated the texture, particle size, density, and total organic carbon (TOC) of soil samples from ten selected sites in the Athi-Thwake River catchment area during the wet (November 2021) and dry (January 2022) seasons in Makueni County. Soil textures were analyzed using a hydrometer, and results were compared with World Health Organization guidelines. The predominant soil particle sizes were sand (68%), clay (24%), and silt (8%), with textures including clay, sandy clay, sandy clay loam, and sandy loam. Total organic carbon percentages ranged from 1.12% to 3.41%, with higher values in clay soils. Particle density across the sites remained consistent, ranging from 1.83 ? 0.02 g/cm? to 2.66 ? 0.05 g/cm?, indicating similar compaction levels. The soil in the catchment area is classified as "light soil," with a higher proportion of sand, which enhances drainage and aeration. Moderate TOC values (0.7%?4.0%) generally suggest improved soil quality, promoting better soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. Overall, the physical properties of the soil in the Athi-Thwake River catchment are suitable for agriculture.