Development and Validation of Student Enablers and Barriers in Online Learning Scale: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach

The evolution of technology has reshaped the educational landscape, with online learning emerging as a prominent and accessible alternative. Online learning offers broader access to education, allowing individuals to pursue learning opportunities regardless of geographical constraints. The use of educational technology, including virtual reality, gamification, and artificial intelligence, has been shown to play a transformative role in developing the cognitive and communicative skills of university students. In a study conducted by Kara in 2021, various driving and hindering factors affecting students in online learning were identified through qualitative research among university students in Turkey. The research aims to develop and validate a Scale of Drivers and Barriers for Students in Online Learning, utilizing confirmatory factor analysis to ascertain the factor structure and measurement instrument validity. Eight items developed through focus group discussion with expert panels considering the findings. Confirmatory factor analysis confirms the findings by provide adequate goodness of fit, reliability and validity of the scale.