Melatonin Attenuates Ferritinophagy/Ferroptosis by Acting on Autophagy in the Liver of an Autistic Mouse Model BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a pool of neurodevelopment disorders in which social impairment is the main symptom. Presently, there are no definitive medications to cure the symptoms but the therapeutic strategies that are taken ameliorate them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin (MLT) in treating ASDs using an autistic mouse model BTBR T⁺Itpr3^tf/J (BTBR). We evaluated the hepatic cytoarchitecture and some markers of autophagy, <i>ferritinophagy</i>/ferroptosis, in BTBR mice treated and not-treated with MLT. The hepatic morphology and the autophagy and <i>ferritinophagy</i>/ferroptosis pathways were analyzed by histological, immunohistochemical, and Western blotting techniques. We studied p62 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (LC3B) for evaluating the autophagy; nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4) and long-chain-coenzyme synthase (ACSL4) for monitoring <i>ferritinophagy</i>/ferroptosis. The liver of BTBR mice revealed that the hepatocytes showed many cytoplasmic inclusions recognized as Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs); the expression and levels of p62 and LC3B were downregulated, whereas ACSL4 and NCOA4 were upregulated, as compared to control animals. MLT administration to BTBR mice ameliorated liver damage and reduced the impairment of autophagy and <i>ferritinophagy</i>/ferroptosis. In conclusion, we observed that MLT alleviates liver damage in BTBR mice by improving the degradation of intracellular MDBs, promoting autophagy, and suppressing <i>ferritinophagy</i>/ferroptosis.