Hierarchical annotation of eQTLs by H-eQTL enables identification of genes with cell type-divergent regulation

While context-type-specific regulation of genes is largely determined by cis-regulatory regions, attempts to identify cell type-specific eQTLs are complicated by the nested nature of cell types. We present hierarchical eQTL (H-eQTL), a network-based model for hierarchical annotation of bulk-derived eQTLs to levels of a cell type tree using single-cell chromatin accessibility data and no clustering of cells into discrete cell types. Using our model, we annotate bulk-derived eQTLs from the developing brain with high specificity to levels of a cell type hierarchy, which allows sensitive detection of genes with multiple distinct non-coding elements regulating their expression in different cell types.