Analysis of the Generation and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Dust During Tunnel Construction

The dust generated during tunnel construction poses serious health risks to workers, as it not only causes respiratory obstruction but also leads to pneumoconiosis and respiratory failure after prolonged exposure. However, most existing studies focus on specific construction stages or particular particle sizes and often assume an ideal airflow, neglecting the complex flow fields, vortex effects, and dust composition variations at different stages in tunnel and mine construction. This study systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of dust at various stages of tunnel construction and proposes targeted prevention and control strategies. On the basis of measured data from three construction stages—the working face, initial support, and secondary lining stages—and SPSS 27 statistical analysis, a dynamic analysis was conducted on the concentration and distribution patterns of total suspended particulates (TSPs) and particulate matter of different sizes (PM10, PM4, PM2.5, and PM1). The results show that coarse particles dominate during the working face stage, whereas fine particles gradually accumulate during the initial support and secondary lining stages. Finally, this work establishes a dust concentration–excavation time/tunnel depth equation and proposes targeted dust control measures. These findings offer important practical value for enhancing construction safety and air quality.