Modeling saline-fluid flow through subglacial channels

Abstract. Subglacial hydrological systems impact ice dynamics, biological environments, and sediment transport. Previous numerical models of channelized subglacial flow have focused on freshwater in temperate ice without considering variable fluid chemistry and properties. Saline fluids can exist in cold glacier systems where freshwater cannot, making the routing of these fluids critical for understanding their influence on geochemical and physical processes in relevant glacial environments. This study advances previous efforts by modeling saline fluid in cold glacier systems, where variable fluid chemistry significantly influences melt rates and drainage processes. We model the drainage of a hypersaline subglacial lake through an ice-walled channel, highlighting the impact of salinity on channel evolution. The model results show that, in subglacial systems at salinity-dependent melting points, channel walls grow more slowly when fluids have higher salt concentrations, leading to significantly lower discharge rates. At higher salinities, more energy is required to warm the fluid to the new melting point as the brine is diluted, which reduces the energy available for melting the channel walls. We also highlight the impact of increased fluid density on subglacial drainage and the importance of accounting for accurate suspended sediment concentrations when modeling outburst floods. This model provides a framework to assess the impact of fluid chemistry and properties on the spatial and temporal variations of fluid flux.