The Successful Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Newly Diagnosed HIV Patient with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Complicated by Pneumocystis and Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia: A Case Report

Background: We report a case of an adult patient with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to pneumocystis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia that were present on presentation, which were successfully managed with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). Case Presentation: A 40-year-old patient with a past medical history of asthma was admitted to a local hospital due to dyspnea, cough, and wheezing, where the patient was diagnosed with HIV infection, ARDS, and combined pneumocystis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Their pulmonary function quickly declined, necessitating mechanical ventilation (MV). After all conventional therapies failed, the patient was transferred to a tertiary medical center for VV-ECMO therapy. The patient was successfully treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), antibiotics, antivirals, steroids, and 48 days of VV-ECMO support, with complete resolution of their respiratory symptoms. The patient was discharged on hospital day 82. Conclusions: HIV-positive patients with ARDS that is complicated by opportunistic pulmonary infections can be successfully managed with ART, appropriate anti-infective therapies, and VV-ECMO.