Enhanced Radar Cross Section Modeling for Ocean Surface Characterization Beyond Traditional Assumptions

The scattering of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from ocean surfaces has been extensively studied, particularly in high-frequency (HF) radar applications. Traditional methods, such as perturbation techniques, are constrained by assumptions of small roughness scales and slopes, limiting their effectiveness during extreme wave events. By utilizing generalized functions and incorporating a vertical-pulsed dipole source, we derived an operator equation governing the electric field across the ocean surface, enhancing the interpretation of remote sensing data during extreme wave conditions. This paper introduces a novel expression for the first-order radar cross-section (RCS) of ocean surfaces with arbitrary slope and height. The validity of this expression was tested using data collected from Argentia, NL, Canada, demonstrating its effectiveness. Cross-validation with simultaneous buoy measurements showed promising results, indicating the method's potential for accurate ocean wave spectrum extraction.