Technologies and applications in wireless biosensors for real-time health monitoring

Abstract Wireless biosensing has emerged as a critical technology due to its ability to provide real-time, continuous monitoring of physiological parameters without the constraints of wired connections. This review starts from the fundamental mechanisms of physical and chemical sensing in wireless biosensors, to the integration of advanced wireless technologies for energy harvesting and data communication, including Radio Frequency, Bluetooth, and other forms. Additionally, it covers diverse applications in wearable and implantable biosensors, such as cardiac monitoring, prosthetic enhancements, electronic skin and contact lenses. Attention is given to the emerging fields of osseosurface electronics and gastrointestinal capsule sensors, which represent significant advancements in non-invasive and minimally invasive health monitoring. The synergistic integration of these technologies paves the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools, promising improved patient outcomes and convenient healthcare solutions. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights into the current state and future prospects of wireless biosensing technologies, underscoring their potential to be realized in various kinds of biosensors. Graphical Abstract